1/2005 Empire: The Lexicon of Praxis and the Grammar of Analysis

Языковая политика в Российской Федерации: русский как “государственный” язык

Джоан Шевалье

1/2005

Публикуется на английском (на английской части сайта).

SUMMARY:

Настоящая статья посвящена анализу новейшего законодательства, регулирующего языковую политику в России. В центре внимания автора – проект закона “О государственном языке Российской Федерации” в контексте языковой политики начиная с 1990 г. Она интерпретирует этот закон как попытку разрешить потенциальный конфликт между федеральной и республиканскими языковыми политиками. В статье проводится сравнение проектов закона и анализ его обсуждения, которые демонстрируют тенденцию к централизации федеральной политики в сфере языка на фоне обострения публичных дискуссий о статусе русского языка в Российской Федерации. Это, в свою очередь, позволяет автору делать выводы о том, как общественное мнение понимает роль языка в формировании национальной идентичности.

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1.The term “official language” appeared in article 4 of the 1990 draft of the law “On the languages of the peoples of the USSR.”↩

2.The term “official language” is used, for example, in the Official Languages Act of Canada.↩

3.I have provided a literal translation of the Russian term gosudarstvennyi, “state,” throughout the article.↩

4.The Republic of Karelia is the only exception. The “Languages in the Republic of Karelia Act,” enacted in 2000, designated Russian as the language of state, while Karelian, Vespian, and Finnish are recognized as regional languages. T. V. Kryuchkova. Effective Language Politics: The Case of Karelian. Paper read at World Congress on Language Policy, at Barcelona, Spain (2002). http://www.linguapax.org/congres/taller/taller3/Krjuchkova.html. (accessed June 2, 2004).↩

5.V. P. Neroznak. Language Laws of the Peoples of the Russian Federation and Programming Language Development (1999). Paper read at Minority Languages in Russia: Perspectives for Development, 2000, at Elista, Kalmykiia.↩

6.V. P. Neroznak. Gosudarstvennye i titul’nye iazyki Rossii. Moscow, 2002. P. 456.↩

7.Bernard Spolsky. Language Policy. Cambridge, 2004. P. 5.↩

8.Robert Leon Cooper. Language Planning and Social Change. Cambridge & New York, 1989. P. 45.↩

9.Brian Weinstein. Language Policy and Political Development, An Overview // B. Weinstein (Ed.). Language Policy and Political Development. NJ, 1990.↩

10.Bernard Spolsky. Language Policy. Cambridge, 2004. Pp. 11-12.↩

11.Suzanne Romaine. The Impact of Language Policy on Endangered Languages // International Journal of Multicultural Studies. 2002. Vol. 4. No. 1. P. 1.↩

12.Stephen May. Misconceiving Minority Language Rights // Language Rights and Political Theory. Oxford, 2003. P. 127.↩

13.Alan Patten, Will Kimlicka. Language Rights and Political Theory: Introduction: Context, Issues and Approaches // Will Kimlicka, Alan Patten (Eds.). Language Rights and Political Theory. Oxford, 2003. P. 13.↩

14.Fernand de Varennes. Language Minorities and Human Rights. The Hague, 1996. Pp. 86-87.↩

15.Jonathan Pool. The Official Language Problem // The American Political Science Review. 1991. Vol. 85. No. 2. P. 496.↩

16.Bruno de Witte. Conclusion: A Legal Perspective // S. G. Vilfan, L. Wils (Eds.). Ethnic Groups and Language Rights. New York, NY, 1993.↩

17.For a discussion of the issue of stylistics and functional spheres for Turkic languages in the RF, see A. N. Baskakov, O. D. Nasyrova. Iazykovye situatsiia v tiurkoiazychnykh respublikakh Rossiiskoi Federatsii // V. Mikhalchenko (Ed.). Iazyki RF i novogo zarubezh’ia: status i funktsii. Mokscow, 2000.↩

18.Patten and Kimlicka. Op. Cit. Pp. 26-31.↩

19.Idem. Pp. 27-29.↩

20.Both Russian and Byelorussian were established as state languages in Byelorussia in 1996.↩

21.M. N. Guboglo. Perelomnye gody. (Seriia “Natisionalnye dvizheniia v SSSR i v postsovetskom prostranstve”). Moscow, 1993.↩

22.Alexei A. Leontiev. Multilingualism for All – Russians? // T. Skutnabb-Kangas (Ed.). Multilingualism for All. Lisse, 1995. P. 206.↩

23.Three of the four republics (the fourth being the Russian SFSR) that did not pass languages laws, Armenian SSR, Azerbaijani SSR, and the Georgian SSR, ratified constitutions in 1978 that granted titular languages official status.↩

24.For more on language law and ethnic mobilization see Dmitry P. Gorenburg. Minority Ethnic Mobilization in the Russian Federation. Cambridge, UK; New York, 2003. Grenoble (Language policy in the Soviet Union. Pp. 206-207) states that “the law was in some ways redundant and in some reactionary, and it represented a futile attempt to regain control of language legislation in the republics.” Nevertheless, comparative analysis of language laws provides evidence that this law was used a model for many of the language laws drafted by individual republics within the RF after 1991.↩

25.This provision was revised in 1998, replacing the term “linguistic sovereignty” with the term “linguistic equality (ravnopravie).”↩

26.The law was renamed to “On the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation” in 1998.↩

27.For a detailed discussion of how “On the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation” provides a legal basis for multilingualism within the Russian Federation see G. Ermoshkin. Gosudarstvenno-pravovye askpekty iazykovykh otnoshenii // Rossiiskaia iustitsiia. 1999. No. 3. Pp. 19-21.↩

28.Language laws in Tyva and Chuvashia initially named Russian as the language of interethnic communication but the laws were later changed, recognizing Russian as a state language.↩

29.V. Mikhalchenko. Language Policy in the Russian Federation. Paper read at World Congress on Language Policies, in Barcelona (2002). http://www.linguapax.org/congres/taller/taller3/Krjuchkova.html. (Accessed June 2, 2004).↩

30.A. N. Baskakov, O. D. Nasyrova. Iazykovye situatsiia v tiurkoiazychnykh respublikakh Rossiiskoi Federatsii // V. Mikhalchenko (Ed.). Iazyki RF i novogo zarubezh’ia: status i funktsii. Moscow, 2000. P. 97.↩

31.For texts of the republic language laws see M. N. Guboglo. Perelomnye gody, and V. P. Neroznak. Gosudarstvennye i titul’nye iazyki Rossii. Moscow, 2002.↩

32.The Tyvan Constitution was amended in 1993 so that both Russian and Tyvan are legally identified as the state languages of the republic (Article 3).↩

33.T. V. Kryuchkova. Effective Language Politics: The Case of Karelian. Paper read at World Congress on Language Policy, at Barcelona, Spain (2002). http://www.linguapax.org/congres/taller/taller3/Krjuchkova.html. (Accessed June 2, 2004).↩

34.For example, the Constitution (Article 5) of the Republic of Adygei, ratified in 1995, designates Adygean and Russian as state languages of the republic. The law “On the languages of the peoples of Adygei,” passed in 1994, also grants Adygean and Russian official status as state languages of the republic. V. Solntsev, Iu. Mikhalchenko, and G. D. MacConnell. Pismennye iazyki mira. Iazyki Rossiiskoi Federatsii. Sotsiolingvisticheskaia иntsiklopedia. Kn. 1. Moscow, 2000. P. 50.↩

35.The language statutes of the republics of Altai, Bashkortostan, Ingushetia, Mordovia, Dagestan, and Severnaia Ossetia are contained solely in their Constitutions. Ibid. P. XXXVI.↩

36.V. P. Neroznak, M. V. Oreshkina, R. B. Sabatkoev. Russkii iazyk v rossiiskom zakonodatel’stve // Polilog. 2001. No. 1. Pp. 15-30.↩

37.Kaadyr Bicheldei. Interview by Ol’ga Seversakaia and Marina Koroleva // Ekho Moskvy. 19 December 2000; Interview by M. Ganapol’skii // Ibid. 6 June 2002.↩

38.The 2004 revision made substantive changes to only two of the articles in the bill. Therefore, all comments made in the discussion about the 2003 draft also apply to the 2004 draft, except where indicated.↩

39.Article 3 of the 2003 draft, defining of the spheres of use of the state language, Russian, makes no reference to promotion-oriented rights for minority languages. Yet paragraph 2 of article 3 seems to imply that languages other than Russian may appear in the official sphere as it states such languages used in spheres of function restricted for the state language must be accompanied with a translation into Russian.↩

40.Kaadyr Bicheldei. Interview by Ol’ga Seversakaia and Marina Koroleva // Ekho Moskvy. 19 December 2000; Interview by M. Ganapol’skii // Ibid. 6 June 2002.↩

41.Kaadyr Bicheldei. Interview by Ol’ga Seversakaia and Marina Koroleva.↩

42.S. I. Shvetsova. O rasprostranenii russkogo iazyka v zarubezhnykh stranakh // E. P. Chelysheva (Ed.). Reshenie natsional’no-iazykovykh voprosov v sovremennom mire. St. Petersburg, 2003. P. 439.↩

43.For an example see Zamir Tarlanov. Russkii iazyk v mire: faktor splocheniia Rossii // Russkaia rech’. 2002. No. 6. Pp. 48-52, and discussions of the law in the Duma (Stenogramma russkoi dumy. 2003. 6 June).↩

44.See the federal law O vnesenii dopolnenii v stat’iu 3 Zakona Rossiisskoi Federatsii “O iazykakh narodov Rossiiskoi Federatsii,” 12 Dec. 2002.↩

45.For examples see M. Krasilnikov. Kul’tura rechi: slovom mozhno ubit’ - slovom mozhno spasti // Russkaia rech’. 2003. No. 6. Pp. 52-67; M. A. Grachev. V pogone za effektom // Russkaia rech’. 2001. No. 5. Pp. 67-72; M. L. Remneva. Lingvodidaktika. Otsenka kachestva i urovnia vladeniia russkim iazykom // Voprosy filologii. 2001. No. 1. Pp. 82-88.↩

46.E. A. Zemskaia (Ed.). Russkii iazyk kontsa XX stoletiia (1985–1995). Moskow, 2000; Larissa Ryazanova-Clarke, Terence Wade. The Russian Language Today. New York, 1999; Bernard Comrie, Gerald Stone, Maria Polonsky. Russian Language in the Twentieth Century. 2nd ed. Oxford, 1996; J. A. Dunn. Transformation of Russian from a Language of the Soviet Type to a Language of the Western Type // J. A. Dunn (Ed.). Language and Society in Post-Communist Europe. New York, 1995.↩

47.Kaadyr Bicheldei. Interview by M. Ganapol’skii // Ekho Moskvy. 6 June 2002.↩

48.For an example see: Stenogramma parlamentskikh slushanii. 22 October 2001.↩

49.George Thomas. The Relationship Between Slavic Nationalism and Linguistic Purism // Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism. 1989. Vol. XVI. Pp. 5-13; Idem. Linguistic Purism. London, 1991.↩

50.Mary Douglas. Purity and danger: an analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo. London, 1966. P. 35.↩

51.George Thomas. The Relationship Between Slavic Nationalism and Linguistic Purism // Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism. 1989. Vol. XVI. P. 33.↩

52.See Olga Strietska-Ilina. Quo Vadis? The Case of Russia // C. Lord and O. Strietska-Ilina (Eds.). Parallel Cultures: Majority/Minority Relations in the Countries of the Former Eastern Bloc. Aldershot, 2001; V. A. Achikov, S. A. Babaev. Mobilizirovannaia etnichnost’: etnicheskoe izmerenie politicheskoi kul’tury sovremennoi Rossii. St. Petersburg, 2000; for discussions of the post-Soviet identity crisis.↩

Примечания

[1]The term “official language” appeared in article 4 of the 1990 draft of the law “On the languages of the peoples of the USSR.”

[2]The term “official language” is used, for example, in the Official Languages Act of Canada.

[3]I have provided a literal translation of the Russian term gosudarstvennyi, “state,” throughout the article.

[4]The Republic of Karelia is the only exception. The “Languages in the Republic of Karelia Act,” enacted in 2000, designated Russian as the language of state, while Karelian, Vespian, and Finnish are recognized as regional languages. T. V. Kryuchkova. Effective Language Politics: The Case of Karelian. Paper read at World Congress on Language Policy, at Barcelona, Spain (2002). http://www.linguapax.org/congres/taller/taller3/Krjuchkova.html. (accessed June 2, 2004).

[5]V. P. Neroznak. Language Laws of the Peoples of the Russian Federation and Programming Language Development (1999). Paper read at Minority Languages in Russia: Perspectives for Development, 2000, at Elista, Kalmykiia.

[6]V. P. Neroznak. Gosudarstvennye i titul’nye iazyki Rossii. Moscow, 2002. P. 456.

[7]Bernard Spolsky. Language Policy. Cambridge, 2004. P. 5.

[8]Robert Leon Cooper. Language Planning and Social Change. Cambridge & New York, 1989. P. 45.

Ab Imperio

Ab Imperio

Языковая политика в Российской Федерации: русский как “государственный” язык

Примечания