В поисках Евразии: история идей в имперской ситуации | Ab Imperio

В поисках Евразии: история идей в имперской ситуации | Ab Imperio

Примечания

[1]For recent historiographic discussions see Mark von Hagen. Imperii, okrainy, diaspory: Evraziia kak antiparadigma dlia postsovetskogo perioda // Ab Imperio. 2004. V. IV. N. 1, as well as comments, pp. 127-190; Idem. Empires, Borderlands, and Diasporas: Eurasia as Antiparadigm for the Post-Soviet Era // American Historical Review. 2004. V. 109. N. 2. Pp. 445-468; Stephen Kotkin. AB IMPERIO: Exchange and Governance Across the Post-Mongol Space, keynote address at the 2007 annual meeting of the Soyuz group, Princeton University, April 27-29, 2007, http://www.princeton.edu/~restudy/soyuz_papers/Kotkin.pdf, last accessed June 15, 2008. Tellingly, the title of the annual conference of scholars interested in post-socialist transformations was Locating “Eurasia” in Postsocialist Studies: The Geopolitics of Naming." See also the published version Stephen Kotkin. Mongol Commonwealth?: Exchange and Governance across the Post-Mongol Space // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2007. V. VIII. N. 3. 487-531. Another interesting example of a conference dealing with Eurasia was the colloquium at Lancaster University “Constructing Regional identities in the Post-Communist Space: Eurasia or Europe?”, held on June 27-28. See http://www.lancs.ac.uk/ias/annualprogramme/regionalism/eurasia/index.htm , last accessed June 15, 2008. Also see the annual conference of the Havighurst Center at Miami University of Ohio, 2006. http://www.units.muohio.edu/havighurstcenter/publications/paperarchive.htm#orienting Last accessed June 15, 2008. The VIII World Congress of the International Council for Central and East European Studies will take place in Stockholm, Sweden, on 26-31 July 2010 under the title “Eurasia: Prospects for Wider Cooperation.” www.iccees2010.se

[2]Charle-Robert Ageron. L’idée d’Eurafrique et le débat colonial Franco-Allemand de l’entre-deux-guerres // Revue d’Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine. 1975. Vol. 22. No. 3. Pp. 446-475; Thorsten Botz-Bornstein. European Transfigurations. Eurafrica and Eurasia: Coudenhove and Trubetzkoy revisited // European Legacy. 2007. Vol. 12. No. 5. Pp. 565-575.

[3]See also Mark Bassin’s seminal article: Russia between Europe and Asia: The Ideological Construction of Geographical Space // Slavic Review. 1991. Vol. 50. No. 1. Pp. 1-17.

[4]V. O. Kliuchevskii. Kurs russkoi istorii. Vol. II. Part II. Moscow, 1937. P. 148.

[5]Martin Malia. The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917-1991. New York, 1994.

[6]Peter Perdue. China Marches West. The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge, MA, 2005; see also the special section on “Eurasian Comparisons” in: Social Science History. 2008. Vol. 32. No. 2. Pp. 235-304 with participation of Daniel Little, Peter Perdue, and Victor Liberman.

[7]Petr Mikhailovich Bitsilli, who later distanced himself from Eurasianism, wrote a brilliant article introducing the concept of “world history: ” P. M. Bitsilli. “‘Vostok’ i ‘Zapad’ v istorii Starogo Sveta” // Na Putiakh. Berlin, 1922. Pp. 317-340; later, George Vernadsky pursued this concept further; yea, in his work, the history of Eurasia, which was supposed to be the history of the multiethnic domain, turned out to be “the history of the Russian people taking possession of Eurasia…”. G. V. Vernadskii. Opyt istorii Evrazii s poloviny VI veka do nastoiashchego vremeni. Berlin, 1934. P. 8.

[8]P. N. Savitskii to G. Vernadsky. N.d. 1933. Bachmeteff Archive at Columbia University. George Vernadsky Papers. Box 7. Folder “P. N. Savitskii, August – December 1933.”

[9]Christian David. Inner Eurasia as a Unit of World History // Journal of World History. 1994. Vol. 5. No. 2. Pp. 173-211.

[10]Von Hagen. Op Cit.; Idem. From Russia to Soviet Union to Eurasia: A View from New Yorl ten years After the end oft he Soviet Union // Osterreichische Osthefte. 2002. Vol. 44. Nos. 1-2. Pp. 43-60; Kotkin. Op Cit.

[11]Harsha Ram. The Poetics of Eurasia: Khlebnikov // Madhavan K. Palat (Ed.). Social Identities in Revolutionary Russia. New York, 2001. Pp. 209-231. For Ram, Khlebnikov’s vision in the end entailed a promise of “understanding and perhaps dismantling the mechanism of empire”. Ibid. P. 223. See also: Alexandra Smith. Between Art and Politics: Tsvetaeva’s Story “The Chinaman” and its Link with the Eurasian Movement in the 1920-30s // Soviet & Post-Soviet Review. 2001. Vol. 28. No. 3. Pp. 269-285 and Gerald Smith. D. S. Mirsky: A Russian-English Life, 1890-1939. Oxford, 2000 for examples of works on the relationship between literature and Eurasianism.

[12]Boris Gasparov. Eurasian Roots of Phonological Theory: Baudouin de Courtenay in Kazan // Kazan, Moscow, St. Petersburg: Multiple Faces of the Russian Empire. Moscow, 1997. Pp. 302-324

[13]Michael G. Smith. The Eurasian Imperative in Early Soviet Language Planning. Russian Linguistics at the Service of the Nationalities // Susan Gross Solomon (Ed.). Beyond Sovietology. Essays in Politics and History. Armonk, N.Y., 1993. Pp. 159-191; Michael G. Smith. Language and Power in the Creation of the USSR, 1917-1953. Berlin and New York, 1998.

[14]Sanjay Subrakhmanyam. Connected Histories: Notes Towards a Reconfiguration of Early Modern Eurasia // Modern Asian Studies. 1997. Vol. 31. No. 3. Pp. 735-762.

[15]Some suggestions include “confessional state“ rather than vague geopolitical notions. Robert D. Crews. For Prophet and Tsar. Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia. Cambridge, MA, 2006.

[16]See, for example, Adeeb Khalid. The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia. Berkeley, 1998; Islam after Communism: Religion and Politics in Central Asia. Berkeley, 2007; Douglas Northrop. Veiled Empire. Gender and Power in Stalinist Central Asia. Ithaca, NY, 2004; Adrienne Edgar. Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton, NJ, 2004.

[17]Adeeb Khalid. Russian History and the Debate over Orientalism; and Nathaniel Knight. On Russian Orientalism: A Response to Adeeb Khalid // Kritika. 2000. No. 4. Pp. 701-715. The debate that includes perspectives on Russia as both an object and a subject of orientalizing practices in the context of a modernizing multinational empire with participation of D. Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, I. Gerasimov, A. Etkind, N. Knight, E. Vorob’eva and S. Velychenko see in Ab Imperio. 2002. Vol. 3. No. 1. Pp. 239-367. For other problems with Eurasia and postcoloniality see discussions: Are We Post-Colonial? Post-Soviet Space // PMLA. 2006. Vol. 121. No. 3. Pp. 828-836; and Eurasia and Imperialism // PMLA. 2007. Vol. 122. No. 1. Pp. 359-362.

[18]For instance, Vera Tolz. European, National, and (Anti-)Imperial: The Formation of Academic Oriental Studies in Late Tsarist and Early Soviet Russia // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2008. Vol. 9. No. 1. Pp. 53-81.

[19]See David Chioni Moore. Colonialism, Eurasianism, Orientalism: N. S. Trubetzkoy’s Russian Vision. Rev. of N. S. Trubetzkoy. The Legacy of Gengiz Khan and Other Essays on Russia’s Identity. Ed. by Anatoly Liberman. Ann Arbor, 1991 // Slavic and East European Journal. 1997. Vol. 41. No. 2. Pp. 321-329.

[20]On the Trest see Serge Woiciechowski. Trest. Vospominania i dokumenty Ontario, 1974. A more recent work that focuses on the impact of the Trest on the émigré press is Lazar Fleishman. V tiskakh provokatsii. Operatsiia “Trest” i russkaia zarubezhnaia pechat'. Moscow, 2003.

[21]Boris Gasparov. The Ideological Principles of Prague School Phonology // K. Pomorska, E. Chodakowska, H. McLean, and B. Vine. (Eds.). Language, Poetry and Poetics. The Generation of the 1890s: Jakobson, Trubetzkoy, Majakovskij. Proceedings of the First Roman Jakobson Colloquium, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 5-6, 1984. New York, 1987. Pp. 49-78; A. Liberman. N. S. Trubetzkoy and His Works on History and Politics // N. S. Trubetzkoy. The Legaсy of Genghis Khan and Other Essays on Russia’s Identity. Ann Arbor, 1991. Pp. 293-375.

[22]An interesting suggestion regarding Herzen as a forerunner of Eurasianism is made by Olga Maiorova in: Eurasianism // John Merriman and Jay Winter (Eds.). Europe 1789-1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire. Vol. 2. Detroit, 2006. Pp. 771-776.

[23]Arthur O. Lovejoy. The Great Chain of Being. A Study of the History of an Idea. Cambridge, Mass., 1936. Pp. 293-294.

[24]See N. G. Sukhova. Razvitie predstavlenii o prirodnom territorial’nom komplekse v russkoi geografii. Leningrad, 1981.

[25]A. P. Shchapov. Etnograficheskaia organizatsia russkogo narodonaselenia // Sochinenia A. P. Shchapova. Vol. II. St. Petersburg, 1906. P. 369.

[26]Irina Paperno and Joan D. Grossman. Creating Life. The Aesthetic Utopia of Russian Modernism. Stanford, Calif., 1994.

[27]http://www2.unil.ch/slav/ling/recherche/FNRS%20Proj/02-04%20Epcomp/txtproj.html Last accessed June 15, 2008

[28]With the exception of Jakobson-Savitskii correspondence from the Massacusetts Institute of Technology Archives.

[29]I have in mind here the historiographic movement to see fascism as a cultural phenomenon, a revolution which was “the immediate product of crisis that had overtaken democracy and liberalism, and bourgeois society in all its fundamental values. The break-away was so disruptive as to take on the dimensions of a crisis in civilization itself.” Zeev Sternhell. The Crisis of Fin-de-Siècle Thought // Roger Griffin (Ed.). International Fascism. Theories, Causes and the New Consensus. New York, 1998. See also George L. Mosse. Masses and Man. Nationalist and Fascist Perceptions of Reality. New York, 1980; and an excellent study of the relationship between modernism and Fascism in Italy: Walter Adamson. Modernism and Fascism: The Politics of Culture in Italy, 1903-1922 // The American Historical Review. 1990. Vol. 95. No. 2. Pp. 359-390.

[30]N. A. Berdiaev. Evraziitsy (Review of Evraziiskii Vremennik. Vol. IV. Berlin, 1925) // Put’. 1925. No. 1. P. 101.

[31]P. N. Savitskii to M. N. Enden. August 2/15, 1924 // GARF. F. R-5783. Op. 2. D. 332. L. 8.

[32]Sériot is wrong on facts (Erzhen Khara-Davan, a Kalmykh physician and scholar, and Iakov Bromberg, the author of several anti-modernist and conservative works on Russian Jews, joined the movement) but is correct on the spirit of the movement. Very little attention was paid to the actual figures or processes among non-Russians, and they were rarely contacted by the members of the movement. Eurasianism was a Russian affair. Still, this Russianness did not preclude a peculiar local patriotism (as was the case with the Ukrainian backgrounds of Savitskii, Suvchinskii, and Vernadsky).

[33]See Ernest Gyidel. On Ukrainofilia of George V. Vernadsky, or Miscellaneous Notes on the Topic of National and State Loyalties // Ab Imperio. 2006. No. 4. Pp. 329-346 See also an interesting take on this problem in Martin Beisswenger. Eurasianism Then and Now: A Russian Conservative Movement and Its Ukrainian Challenge // Stephen Velychenko (Ed.). Ukraine, the EU and Russia: History, Culture and International Relations. Houndmills, 2007. Pp. 27-51.

[34]Leonard Schapiro. The Last Years of Alexander Blok // E. Dahrendorf (Ed.). Russian Studies. Leonard Schapiro. London, 1986. Pp. 359-374; P. 364.

[35]See the collection of articles Eric Humbertclaude (Ed.). Pierre Souvtchinsky. Cahiers d’Etudes. Paris, 2007.

[36]N. S. Avtonomova, M. L. Gasparov. Jakobson, Slavistics and the Eurasian movement: Two Moments of Opportunity, 1929 – 1953. // Roman Jakobson. Teksty, dokumenty, issledovania. Moscow, 1999. Pp. 334-340.

[37]Gerald D. Smith. Op Cit; Jindrich Toman. The Magic of a Common Language. Jakobson, Mathesius, Trubetzkoy and the Prague Linguistic Circle. Cambridge, MA, 1995, especially the last chapter, “Russian Images of the Whole”, which explores the Romantic component of Jakobson’s and Trubetskoi’s structuralism.

[38]D. P. Sviatopolk-Mirsky. Poety i Rossia: Stat’i, retsenzii, portrety, nekrologi. Ed. by V. V. Perkhin. St. Petersburg, 2002.

[39]See, for instance, Gerald Smith. Op Cit.

[40]Petr Savitskii to Nikolai Andreev. Not dated // Bakhmeteff Archive at Columbia University. George Vernadsky Papers. Box 8. Folder Savitskii. 1958.

[41]I will limit my discussion of this work to its contribution to the study of inter-war Eurasianism for the sake of space.

[42]See Edward J. Lazzerini. Ismail Bey Gasprinskii’s Perevodchik/Tercüman: A Clarion of Modernism // H. B. Paksoy (Ed.). Central Asian Monuments. Istanbul, 1992. Pp. 143-156; Alan W. Fisher. A Model Leader for Asia, Ismail Gaspirali. // Edward A. Allworth (Ed.). The Tatars of Crima: Return to the Homeland. Pp. 29-47; Ismail Gasprinskii. Russko-Vostochnoe soglashenie. Mysli, zametki i pozhelaniia. Bakhchisarai, 1896; Alexandre Bennigsen and S. Enders Wimbush. Muslim National Communism in the Soviet Union: A Revolutionary Strategy for the Colonial World. Chicago, 1979.

[43]V. I. Lenin, Nasha revoliutsiia (Po povodu zametok N. Sukhanova) // Pravda. 1923. No. 117. May 30.