2/2009 Homo Imperii in Space and Time: Settling and Unsettling Imperial Spaces

“Шайтан на гайтан!” Тюремное общество и анархия в царской Сибири

Эндрю Гентес

2/2009

Материал публикуется на английском (на английской части сайта)

SUMMARY:

В центре статьи Эндрю Гентеса находится воровской майдан – сочетание черного рынка, казино и кредитного банка, который рассматривается как семиотически нагруженный локус тюремного общества позднеимперского периода. В статье используются методы социологического и литературного анализа, позволяющие интерпретировать “этнографические” тексты современников о тюремной жизни. Гентес показывает, что тюремное сообщество зеркально отражало, пародировало и обыгрывало определенные структуры гегемонного общества, что давало власть в рамках тюремного мира определенным группам арестантов. Автор интерпретирует приводимые современниками иерархии и системы сигнификации, характерные для тюремного сообщества, и через них прочитывает понимание имперской системы власти в целом.

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1.V. M. Doroshevich. Sakhalin (Katorga). 2 Vols. Moscow, 1903. Vol. 1. P. 259. This is a collection of feuilletons first published in the newspaper Odesskii listok (Odessa Flyer) beginning in 1897. Doroshevich was late imperial Russia’s most popular journalist. See Andrew A. Gentes (Trans. and ed.). Russia’s Penal Colony in the Far East: A Translation of Vlas Doroshevich’s “Sakhalin.” London, 2009; S. V. Bukchin. Sud’ba fel’etonista: Zhizn’ i tvorchestvo Vlasa Doroshevicha. Minsk, 1975; Charles A. Ruud. Russian Entrepreneur: Publisher Ivan Sytin of Moscow, 1851-1934. Montreal, 1990. Pp. 59-64 et passim; Louise McReynolds. V. M. Doroshevich: The Newspaper Journalist and the Development of Public Opinion in Civil Society // Edith W. Clowes, et al. (Eds.). Between Tsar and People: Educated Society and the Quest for Public Identity in Late Imperial Russia. Princeton, 1991. Pp. 233-47. McReynolds gives a mistaken date of 1896 (P. 238) for Doroshevich’s visit to Sakhalin.↩

2.A maximum-security prison where inmates always wore leg-irons.↩

3.See below.↩

4.See below.↩

5.Doroshevich. Sakhalin (Katorga). Vol. 1. Pp. 259-260.↩

6.Catie Gilchrist. “A Life of Noisy Riot, of Filth, Indecency and Profaneness”: The Convict Voice and the Bourgeois Imagination // Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society. 2006. No. 1. Pp. 29-45; Frank Dikötter. “A Paradise for Rascals”: Colonialism, Punishment and the Prison in Hong Kong (1848-1898) // Crime, histoire et societies. 2004. No. 1. Pp. 49-63.↩

7.Bruce F. Adams. The Politics of Punishment: Prison Reform in Russia, 1863-1917. DeKalb, 1996; Abby M. Schrader. Unruly Felons and Civilizing Wives: Cultivating Marriage in the Siberian Exile System, 1822-1860 // Slavic Review. 2007. No. 2. Pp. 230-256; Jonathan W. Daly. Criminal Punishment and Europeanization in Late Imperial Russia // Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas. 2000. Pp. 341-362; Idem. Political Crime in Late Imperial Russia // Journal of Modern History. 2002. No. 1. Pp. 62-100.↩

8.Alan Wood. Administrative Exile and the Criminals’ Commune in Siberia // Roger Bartlett (Ed.). Land Commune and Peasant Community in Russia: Communal Forms in Imperial and Early Soviet Society. New York, 1990. Pp. 395-414.↩

9.It also departs from Wood’s assertion that, in comparison with other communal forms, the criminals’ commune “did not begin to break down under the impact of the institutional and economic modernization of the country in the late nineteenth century” (ibid. P. 411 [my italics]). On the contrary, by the late nineteenth century, that most dangerous prison caste, the Ivans, had lost much of its cohesion and authority due both to meliorations of the corporal punishments that previously valorized them, and to resistance from the mass of general prisoners known as “the herd” (shpanka). Prison society did maintain certain essential characteristics, yet also changed over time. However, I disagree with Bruce Adams that this melioration represented the tsarist government’s co-optation of Western penological norms. Rather, improvements in prison life came about thanks to administrative rationalization, which was, in any case, ephemeral. For an analogous interpretation see Rudolph Peters. Controlled Suffering: Mortality and Living Conditions in 19th-Century Egyptian Prisons // International Journal of Middle East Studies. 2004. Pp. 387-407.↩

10.S. S. Ostroumov. Prestupnost’ i ee prichiny v dorevoliutsionnoi Rossii. Moscow, 1980. P. 55, table 24. This figure fell to 77,254 in 1897. In conjunction with the total population figure reported by the imperial census conducted that same year, this means 61 out of every 100,000 Russian subjects were incarcerated. See N. A. Troinitskii (Ed.). Pervaia Vseobshchaia perepis’ naseleniia Rossiiskoi Imperii 1897 g. Vol. 2. Obshchii svod po Imperii rezul’tatov razrabotki dannykh Pervoi Vseobshchei perepisi naseleniia, proizvedennoi 28 ianvaria 1897 goda. St. Petersburg, 1905. Table XIII. (Accessed 27 February 2009 via website: Demoskop Weekly / http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php.) Of course, this ratio excludes the much larger numbers exiled to Siberia and elsewhere. As of 1898 Siberia’s non-katorga exile population totaled almost 300,000. Ssylka v Sibir’: ocherk eia istorii i sovremennago polozheniia. St. Petersburg, 1900. Appendices. Pp. 14-18, table.↩

11.Michael Jakobson. Origins of the GULAG: The Soviet Prison Camp System, 1917-1934. Lexington, KY, 1993. Pp. 10-11.↩

12.N. M. Iadrintsev. Novyia svedeniia o sibirskoi ssylke: Soobshchenniia St. Peterburgskomu Iuridicheskomu Obshchestvu. P. 2, table [this publication was bound with Idem. Sibir’ kak koloniia: k iubileiu trekhsotletiia. Sovremennoe polozhenie Sibiri. Eia nuzhdy i potrebnosti. Eia proshloe i budushchee. St. Petersburg, 1882].↩

13.V. N. Dvorianov. V sibirskoi dal’nei storone… (ocherki istorii politicheskoi katorgi i ssylki. 60-e gody XVIII v.-1917 g.). Minsk, 1985. P. 269.Table 7.↩

14.Sakhalinskii kalendar’ i materialy k izucheniiu ostrova Sakhalina. [Aleksandrovsk Post]. 1895. P. 108, table. There were also 914 female penal laborers that year, but they were not incarcerated on Sakhalin. The island also had a large population of exiles who had completed their katorga terms.↩

15.[Anon.] Predstoiashchee preobrazovanie katorgi // Tiuremnyi vestnik. 1910. Nos. 6-7. Pp. 897-922 [Here, Pp. 911-912]; [S. S. Khrulev.] Katorga v Sibiri: Izvlechenie iz otcheta Nachal’nika Glavnago Tiuremnago Upraveleniia S. S. Khruleva o sluzhebnoi poezdke, v 1909 godu, v Irkutskuiu gub. i v Zabaikal’skuiu oblast’. St. Petersburg, 1910. Pp. 4-10. [Supplement to Tiuremnyi vestnik. 1910. Nos. 8-9]. See also Andrew A. Gentes. Katorga: Penal Labor and Tsarist Siberia // Eva-Maria Stolberg (Ed.). The Siberian Saga: A History of Russia’s Wild East. Frankfurt am Main, 2005. Pp. 73-85; Idem. The Institution of Russia’s Sakhalin Policy, from 1868 to 1875 // Journal of Asian History. 2002. No. 1. Pp. 1-31; Alan Wood. Sex and Violence in Siberia: Aspects of the Tsarist Exile System // John Massey Stewart and Wood. Siberia: Two Historical Perspectives. London, 1984. Pp. 23-42; Idem. Crime and Punishment in the House of the Dead // Olga Crisp and Linda Edmondson (Eds.). Civil Rights in Imperial Russia. Oxford, 1989. Pp. 215-233.↩

16.E. C. Wines. Report on the International Penitentiary Congress of London, held July 3-13, 1872. Washington, D.C., 1873. Pp. 20-21 et passim.↩

17.Alice Bullard. Exile to Paradise: Savagery and Civilization in Paris and the South Pacific, 1790-1900. Stanford, 2000. See also Stephen A. Toth. Colonization or Incarceration? The Changing Role of the French Penal Colony in Fin-de-siècle New Caledonia // Journal of Pacific History. 1999. No. 1. Pp. 59-74; Stacy Renee Davis. Turning French Convicts into Colonists: The Second Empire’s Political Prisoners in Algeria, 1852-1858 // French Colonial History. 2002. No. 2. Pp. 93-113; Allyson Delnore. Making a Space in the Overseas Empire for the June Insurgents, 1848-1852 // Proceedings of the Western Society for French History. 2002. Pp. 155-164; Rod Edmond and Vanessa Smith (Eds.). Islands in History and Representation. London, 2003; Michel Foucault. Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1877-1978. Basingstoke, 2007. P. 357; Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler (Eds.). Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World. Berkeley, 1997.↩

18.Amy Kaplan. The Anarchy of Empire in the Making of U.S. Culture. Cambridge, MA. 2002. Pp. 12-15.↩

19.P. F. Iakubovich. V mire otverzhennykh. 2 Vols. Moscow, 1964. Vol. 1. P. 319.↩

20.A partial exception is the autobiography of the convict Feodor [sic] Shirokolobov, appended to a history of the Sakhalin penal colony. However, this was almost certainly ghostwritten. See N. Novombergskii. Ostrov Sakhalin s prilozheniem avtobiografii i portreta ubiitsy Feodora Shirokolobova. St. Petersburg, 1903. On convicts’ social origins see Ostroumov. Prestupnost’ i ee prichiny. On those of the exile population see E. N. Anuchin. Izsledovaniia o protsente soslannykh v Sibir’ v period 1827-1846 godov: materialy dlia ugolovnoi statistiki Rossii. St. Petersburg, 1873.↩

21.RGIA DV. F. 1395 [Politsmeister Kariiskikh zolotykh promyslov 1870-1886]. Op. 1. D. 2. Ll. 4-5.↩

22.[V. I.] Vlasov. Kratkii ocherk neustroistv, sushchestvuiushchikh na katorge. 31 January 1873. P. 4. This is an internal memorandum of the Main Administration of Eastern Siberia. Copies were found in two locations: 1) Obshchestvo izucheniia Amurskogo kraia, Vladivostok, as part of a sheaf of documents entitled “Sbornik ofitsial’nykh svedenii ob Amurskom krae”. Vol. 1. Cat. no. 1598; and 2) Biblioteka Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, Irkutsk, rare books and manuscripts collection (fond staropechatnykh i redkikh knig), as part of a sheaf of documents entitled Sakhalin. Cat. no. RUK. 345.↩

23.George Kennan. Siberia and the Exile System. 2 Vols. New York, 1891. Vol. 1. P. 392; Ibid. Vol. 2. Chaps. V-IX et passim.↩

24.Predstoiashchee preobrazovanie katorgi. P. 902.↩

25.There is information on katorga convicts to be found in the early Soviet journal Katorga i ssylka. However, all contributions to this journal were made by formerly exiled Social Democrats, few of whom were assigned to katorga, fewer of whom spent time alongside the general prison population, and almost none of whom discussed the issues raised here. My survey of this journal has turned up nothing of greater value than what is to be found in the sources discussed below.↩

26.The version of Dostoevskii’s Zapiski iz mertvogo doma used here is found in volume 4 of F. M. Dostoevskii. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii v tridtsati tomakh. Leningrad, 1972. Belokonskii (1855-1931) was sentenced to katorga and Siberian exile during the period 1880-1886 for his participation in the Populist Movement. See A. M. Prokhorov et al. (Eds.). Sovetskii entsiklopedicheskii slovar’. 3rd ed. Moscow, 1985. P. 124. His memoir was published as I. P. Belokonskii (Petrovich). Po tiur’mam i etapam: ocherki tiuremnoi zhizni i putevyia zametki ot Moskvy do Krasnoiarska. Orel, 1887. Iakubovich was exiled for his role in the People’s Will and was originally published using the pseudonym L. Mel’shin. See above citation. For his role in the Siberian regionalist movement (oblastnichestvo), Iadrintsev (1842-1894) was imprisoned in the Omsk fortress for two years during the 1860s and subsequently administratively exiled to Arkhangel’sk guberniia for a year. He later became a prolific journalist and newspaper editor. His most significant publication regarding the maidan is N. M. Iadrintsev. Russkaia obshchina v tiur’me i ssylke. St. Petersburg, 1872.↩

27.Kennan. Siberia and the Exile System; Charles H. Hawes. In the Uttermost East. New York, 1970; the version of Chekhov’s Ostrov Sakhalin used here is reproduced in volume 10 of A. P. Chekhov. Sobranie sochinenii. 12 Vols. Moscow, 1960-1964.↩

28.S. Maksimov. Sibir’ i katorga. 3 Vols. St. Petersburg, 1871.↩

29.For example, as of 1895, Orthodox accounted for just over 70 percent of the male penal laborers assigned to Sakhalin. Sakhalinskii kalendar’. P. 109. However, this figure would have varied widely over time and depending upon location.↩

30.Tanya Frisby. The Rise of Organized Crime in Russia: Its Roots and Social Significance // Europe-Asia Studies. 1998. No. 1. Pp. 27-49; Joseph D. Serio and Vyacheslav Razinkin. Thieves Professing the Code: The Traditional Role of Vory v Zakone in Russia’s Criminal World and Adaptations to a New Social Reality // Low Intensity Conflict & Law Enforcement. 1995. No. 1. Pp. 72-88; Federico Varese. The Society of the Vory-v-Zakone, 1930s-1950s // Cahiers du Monde Russe. 1998. No. 4. Pp. 515-538; Lev Samoilov. Etnografiia lageria // Sovetskaia etnografiia. 1990. No. 1. Pp. 96-108; V. R. Kabo. Struktura lageria i arkhetipy soznaniia. Ibid. Pp. 108-113; David Cronenberg (Dir.). Eastern Promises. Serendipity Point Films, 2007.↩

31.Clifford Geertz. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York, 1973. P. 7.↩

32.Gyan Prakash. Subaltern Studies as Postcolonial Criticism // American Historical Review. 1994. No. 5. Pp. 1475-1490 (here, P. 1482).↩

33.Oxford English Dictionary Online / http://dictionary.oed.com/entrance.dtl (accessed 16 Dec. 2003); F. Steingass. A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary: Including the Arabic Words and Phrases to Be Met with in Persian Literature. London, 1957. P. 1360; I. E. Andreevskii et al. Entsiklopedicheskii slovar’. 82 Vols. St. Petersburg, 1890-1904. Vol. 35. P. 368.↩

34.James W. Redhouse. Redhouse Yeni Türkçe-İngilizce Sözlük/New Redhouse Turkish-English Dictionary. Istanbul, 1968. P. 769.↩

35.V. I. Dal’. Tolkovyi slovar’ zhivogo velikorusskogo iazyka. 1999. Vol. 2. P. 290.↩

36.I wish to thank Dr. Renée Worringer for helping with these terms and phrases.↩

37.See also L. V. Belovinskii (Ed.). Rossiisskii istoriko-bytovoi slovar’. Mosvka, 1999. P. 252. Galler’s glossary of GULag terms is useless on this topic, as with many other terms relating to the prerevolutionary era. This suggests there was a significant alteration in the convict/criminal lexicon after 1917. Cf. Meyer Galler and Harlan E. Marquess. Soviet Prison Camp Speech: A Survivor’s Glossary. Madison, 1972; Galler. Soviet Prison Camp Speech: A Survivor’s Glossary Supplement. Hayward, CA, 1977.↩

38.Michel de Certeau. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley, 1984. Pp. xii-xix.↩

39.Doroshevich. Sakhalin (Katorga). Vol. 1. P. 268.↩

40.See Michel Foucault. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York, 1979. Pp. 3-69.↩

41.Dostoevskii. Zapiski iz mertvogo doma. Vol. 4. Pp. 48-49; Chekhov. Ostrov Sakhalin. Vol. 10. P. 99; Hawes. In the Uttermost East. P. 150. Shtos (sometimes spelled shtoss) was a card game.↩

42.Georg Simmel. The Sociology of Georg Simmel. New York, 1950. P. 50.↩

43.Cf., e.g., Geoffrey Hunt et al. Prison Gangs and the Case of the “Pepsi Generation” // Social Problems. 1993. No. 3. Pp. 398-409; Ted Conover. Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing. New York, 2000.↩

44.Iakubovich. V mire otverzhennykh. Vol. 1. Pp. 314-316.↩

45.Marek M. Kaminski. Games Prisoners Play: The Tragicomic World of Polish Prison. Princeton, 2004. P. 3. The following is meant to illustrate a comparative way in which game-playing by tsarist prisoners might be understood. Valerii Chalidze’s book on Soviet-era criminal society also provides some parallels. However, it does not offer a focused analysis of prison life. Cf. Valery Chalidze. Criminal Russia: Essays on Crime in the Soviet Union. New York, 1977.↩

46.William M. Reddy. The Navigation of Feeling: A Framework for the History of Emotions. Cambridge, UK, 2001; Idem. The Logic of Action: Indeterminacy, Emotion, and Historical Narrative // History and Theory. 2001. No. 4. Pp. 10-33; Susan Schott. Emotion and Social Life: A Symbolic Interactionist Analysis // American Journal of Sociology. 1979. No. 6. Pp. 1317-1334; Arlie Russell Hochschild. Emotion Work, Feeling Rules, and Social Structure // American Journal of Sociology. 1979. No. 3. Pp. 551-575; Randall Collins. On the Microfoundations of Macrosociology // American Journal of Sociology. 1981. No. 5. Pp. 984-1014.↩

47.Maksimov. Sibir’ i katorga. Vol. 1. Pp. 118, 121; Doroshevich. Sakhalin (Katorga). Vol. 1. P. 300. Throughout Iakubovich’s account the prison commandant is called “Six-Eyes.”↩

48.Terms for other categories of prisoners.↩

49.Doroshevich. Sakhalin (Katorga). Vol. 1. P. 316. On “bitches” in American prisons, see Edward Charles. Prison 101: What You Need to Know Before You Go to Prison. Chap. 5 / http://groups.msn.com/HeartsInsideOut/prison101chapters13.msnw (accessed 15 Dec. 2003). Charles calls them “punks” and “cock-boys,” which may be more recent (though less familiar) terms.↩

50.Dostoevskii. Zapiski iz mertvogo doma. T. 4. P. 49.↩

51.Maksimov. Sibir’ i katorga. Vol. 1. Pp. 121-22; Doroshevich. Sakhalin (Katorga). Vol. 1. P. 278. Cheldon was a variant spelling of chaldon. See Dal’. Tolkovyi slovar’. Vol. 4. P. 587. Conversely, chaldon often referred to a Siberian-born prison official.↩

52.Doroshevich. Sakhalin (Katorga). Vol. 1. P. 96; Maksimov. Sibir’ i katorga. Vol. 1. P. 118; Dal’. Tolkovyi slovar’. Vol. 2. P. 290. In light of what has already been said concerning maidan’s etymology, it should be noted that shaitan is an Arabic/Turkish/Tatar word meaning an evil spirit generally or Satan specifically. See Dal’. Tolkovyi slovar’. Vol. 4. P. 618; Marcus Wheeler. The Oxford Russian Dictionary. Oxford, 1993. P. 591; Eve Levin. Personal correspondence with the author. 15 July 2004.↩

53.One bit of evidence for prisoners’ culture of victimization is the exile dirge Miloserdnaia (Merciful One), the opening lines of which were: “Our merciful fathers / Do not forget us, the unfree / The convicts, the mendicants!” Different versions of the song can be found in the sources, but each characterizes exiles as victims and supplicants. Cf. Maksimov. Sibir’ i katorga. Vol. 1. P. 29; Doroshevich. Sakhalin (Katorga). Vol. 1. Pp. 124-25; Kennan. Siberia and the Exile System. Vol. 1. P. 401.↩

54.On the link between gambling and impulsivity and risk-taking see Joseph W. Ciarrocchi. Counseling Problem Gamblers: A Self-Regulation Manual for Individual and Family Therapy. San Diego, 2002. Pp. 33-34; Michael B. Walker. The Psychology of Gambling. Oxford, 1992. Pp. 94-96.↩

55.E.g., V. Gartevel’d. Katorga i brodiagi Sibiri. Moscow, 1912. See also Jeffrey Brooks. When Russia Learned to Read: Literacy and Popular Literature, 1861-1917. Princeton, 1985. Pp. 59-108; Joan Neuberger. Hooliganism: Crime, Culture, and Power in St. Petersburg, 1900-1914. Berkeley, 1993. Pp. passim.↩

56.[N. M. Iadrintsev]. Bor’ba s brodiagami i upreki sibiriakam za iazvy ssylki // Vostochnoe obozrenie, gazeta literaturnaia i politicheskaia. 1887. 3 Sept. Iadrintsev was the editor and primary writer for this newspaper. Official statistics show that the locations of one-third of the 81,000 persons exiled within categories other than katorga during the period 1887-1898 were unaccounted for. There were various reasons for this, including poor record-keeping, but a large number of those missing had, like those who escaped katorga, become brodiagi. See Ssylka v Sibir’. Appendices. Pp. 39-40, table. The brodiagi are discussed in several of the sources cited here. See also Andrew A. Gentes. Vagabondage and Siberia: Disciplinary Modernism in Tsarist Russia // A. L. Beier and Paul Ocobock (Eds.). Cast Out: Vagrancy and Homelessness in Global and Historical Perspective. Athens, OH, 2008. Pp. 184-208.↩

57.Doroshevich. Sakhalin (Katorga). Vol. 1. Pp. 279-280.↩

58.Ibid. Pp. 282-283.↩

59.Jane Burbank and David L. Ransel. Introduction // Idem (Eds.). Imperial Russia: New Histories for the Empire. Bloomington, 1998. Pp. xx.↩

60.Belokonskii. Po tiur’mam i etapam. P. 157.↩

61.Doroshevich. Sakhalin (Katorga). Vol. 1. Pp. 159, 247-248, 252.↩

62.Willem A. Wagenaar. Paradoxes of Gambling Behaviour. London, 1988. P. 3; Neil D. Isaacs. You Bet Your Life: The Burdens of Gambling. Lexington, KY, 2001. P. 75; Ciarrocchi. Counseling Problem Gamblers. P. 62.↩

63.Belokonskii. Po tiur’mam i etapam. P. 158; Kennan. Siberia and the Exile System. Vol. 1. P. 390.↩

64.Doroshevich. Sakhalin (Katorga). Vol. 1. P. 300.↩

65.Dostoevskii. Zapiski iz mertvogo doma. Vol. 4. P. 37.↩

66.Vlasov. Kratkii ocherk neustroistv. P. 4; Maksimov. Sibir’ i katorga. Vol. 1. P. 127.↩

67.Maksimov. Sibir’ i katorga. T. 1. P. 124.↩

68.Russian newlyweds are traditionally sprinkled with vodka during wedding receptions.↩

69.Doroshevich. Sakhalin (Katorga). Vol. 1. Pp. 301-304.↩

70.Iakubovich. V mire otverzhennykh. Vol. 1. P. 321.↩

71.Doroshevich. Sakhalin (Katorga). Vol. 1. Pp. 286, 317.↩

72.Maksimov. Sibir’ i katorga. Vol. 1. P. 126.↩

73.Iakubovich. V mire otverzhennykh. Vol. 1. P. 333.↩

74.Doroshevich. Sakhalin (Katorga). Vol. 1. P. 306.↩

75.Chekhov. Ostrov Sakhalin. Vol. 10. P. 98.↩

76.Doroshevich. Sakhalin (Katorga). Vol. 1. P. 259. Ellipsis in original.↩

77.On kormlenie see, for example, John P. LeDonne. Absolutism and Ruling Class: The Formation of the Russian Political Order, 1700-1825. New York, 1991. Pp. 269-270; George L. Yaney. The Systematization of Russian Government: Social Evolution in the Domestic Administration of Imperial Russia, 1711-1905. Urbana, 1973. Pp. 27-28, 135-140. On peasant responses to taxation see Jeffrey Burds. The Social Control of Peasant Labor in Russia: The Response of Village Communities to Labor Migration in the Central Industrial Region, 1861-1905 // Esther Kingston-Mann and Timothy Mixter (Eds.). Peasant Economy, Culture, and Politics of European Russia, 1800-1921. Princeton, 1991. Pp. 52-100 [here, P. 54]; Olga Semyonova Tian-Shanskaia. Village Life in Late Tsarist Russia. Bloomington, 1993. Pp. 152-156.↩

78.See, e.g., RGIA DV. F. 702. Op. 4. D. 494.↩

79.Pierre Bourdieu. In Other Words: Essays Towards a Reflexive Sociology. Stanford, 1990. P. 155.↩

80.See Simmel. The Sociology of Georg Simmel. Pp. 183-185.↩

81.Emile Durkheim. The Division of Labor in Society. New York, 1933. Chap. 2. See also David Garland. Punishment and Modern Society: A Study in Social Theory. Oxford, 1990. Pp. 23ff.↩

Примечания

[1]V. M. Doroshevich. Sakhalin (Katorga). 2 Vols. Moscow, 1903. Vol. 1. P. 259. This is a collection of feuilletons first published in the newspaper Odesskii listok (Odessa Flyer) beginning in 1897. Doroshevich was late imperial Russia’s most popular journalist. See Andrew A. Gentes (Trans. and ed.). Russia’s Penal Colony in the Far East: A Translation of Vlas Doroshevich’s “Sakhalin.” London, 2009; S. V. Bukchin. Sud’ba fel’etonista: Zhizn’ i tvorchestvo Vlasa Doroshevicha. Minsk, 1975; Charles A. Ruud. Russian Entrepreneur: Publisher Ivan Sytin of Moscow, 1851-1934. Montreal, 1990. Pp. 59-64 et passim; Louise McReynolds. V. M. Doroshevich: The Newspaper Journalist and the Development of Public Opinion in Civil Society // Edith W. Clowes, et al. (Eds.). Between Tsar and People: Educated Society and the Quest for Public Identity in Late Imperial Russia. Princeton, 1991. Pp. 233-47. McReynolds gives a mistaken date of 1896 (P. 238) for Doroshevich’s visit to Sakhalin.

[2]A maximum-security prison where inmates always wore leg-irons.

[3]See below.

[4]See below.

[5]Doroshevich. Sakhalin (Katorga). Vol. 1. Pp. 259-260.

[6]Catie Gilchrist. “A Life of Noisy Riot, of Filth, Indecency and Profaneness”: The Convict Voice and the Bourgeois Imagination // Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society. 2006. No. 1. Pp. 29-45; Frank Dikötter. “A Paradise for Rascals”: Colonialism, Punishment and the Prison in Hong Kong (1848-1898) // Crime, histoire et societies. 2004. No. 1. Pp. 49-63.

[7]Bruce F. Adams. The Politics of Punishment: Prison Reform in Russia, 1863-1917. DeKalb, 1996; Abby M. Schrader. Unruly Felons and Civilizing Wives: Cultivating Marriage in the Siberian Exile System, 1822-1860 // Slavic Review. 2007. No. 2. Pp. 230-256; Jonathan W. Daly. Criminal Punishment and Europeanization in Late Imperial Russia // Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas. 2000. Pp. 341-362; Idem. Political Crime in Late Imperial Russia // Journal of Modern History. 2002. No. 1. Pp. 62-100.

Ab Imperio

Ab Imperio

“Шайтан на гайтан!” Тюремное общество и анархия в царской Сибири

Примечания