Местное самоуправление и режим политического контроля титульных этносов в российских республиках, 1991-1999

Томила Ланкина

3/2001

Публикуется на английском.

SUMMARY:

Томила Ланкина ставит проблему местного самоуправления в титульных республиках Российской Федерации в контексте взаимоотношений этих республик и федерального центра. Автор считает, что усилия федерального центра по поддержке гражданских институтов и местного самоуправления в этих республиках наталкиваются на препятствия, выражающиеся в существовании действенного контроля над местным самоуправлением со стороны республиканских властей. Использование органов местного самоуправления в качестве инструментов усиления титульного контроля препятствует их превращению в независимые институты гражданского общества. Теоретические выводы автора строятся на детальном анализе ситуации в республиках Российской Федерации, прежде всего – в Башкортостане и Адыгее.

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1.Jeffrey W. Hahn. Soviet Grassroots: Citizen Participation in Local Soviet Government. London, 1988. P. 83.↩

2.Although in the 1920s national rayons and national village soviets were created on an experimental basis for diaspora groups. These formations, which numbered over 5,000 in the mid 1930s, were abolished in the late 1930s. Paul Kolstoe. Russians in the Former Soviet Republics. London, 1995. P. 80.↩

3.Hahn. Soviet Grassroots. P. 12.↩

4.Leon Trotsky. 1905. Bungay, 1971. P. 122.↩

5.Ibid. P. 264.↩

6.Ibid. P. 267.↩

7.Theodore H. Friedgut. Community Structure, Political Participation, Soviet Local Government: The Case of Kutaisi // Henry W. Morton and Rudolf L. Tokes (eds.). Soviet Politics and Society in the 1970s. New York, 1974. P. 263.↩

8.Alexis de Tocqueville. Townships, Municipal Administration, State Government // J. P. Mayer (ed.) Democracy in America. London, 1994. P. 87.↩

9.Stephen Whitefield. Industrial Power and the Soviet State. Oxford, 1993. P. 174.↩

10.For a discussion, see R. F. Turovskiy. Otnosheniya 'tsentr-regiony' v 1997-1998 gg.: mezhdu konfliktom i konsensusom // Politika. 1998, No. 7. Pp. 5-32.↩

11.Michael McFaul. and Nikolay Petrov (eds.) Politicheskiy al'manakh Rossii. 1997, Vol. 2. Moscow, 1998.↩

12.Ukaz Prezidenta SSRA o strukture pravitel’stva I nekotorykh voprosakh deyatel’nosti organov ispolnitel’noy vlasti v SSRA // Sovetskaya Adygeya (further on SA). 1992. March, 5, March, 7. P.3.↩

13.Zakon Respubliki Adygeya o presidente Respubliki Adygeya // Sovetskaya Adygeya. 1992. March, 25, March, 31. P. 1.↩

14.I. Zhad’ko. Dlya kogo zakon ne zakon // SA. 1992, August, 12. P. 2.↩

15.Polozhenie o distsiplinarnoy otvetstvennosti glav administratsii. // SA. 1992, October, 28. P. 2.↩

16.Devyataya (vneocherednaya) sessiya Verkhovnogo soveta RA. Deputaty obsudili vopros o reforme organov predstavitel’noy vlasti RA // SA. 1993, October, 14. P. 1.↩

17.Ukaz prezidenta RA o merakh po osuschestvleniyu reformy mestnogo samoupravleniya v RA // SA. 1993. October, 30.↩

18.Zakon RA ob osnovakh organizatsii i deyatel’nosti mestnogo gosudarstvenogo upravleniya i mestnogo samoupravleniya v RA na perekhodnyy period // SA. 1994, April, 7. P. 1.↩

19.Ukaz prezidenta RA o merakh po ukrepleniyu distsipliny v sisteme ispolnitel’noy vlasti RA // SA. 1996. July, 18. P. 1.↩

20.McFaul and Nikolay Petrov (eds.). Politicheskiy al'manakh Rossii. 1982.↩

21.R. Ayupov. I za zemlyu pridyotsya platit // VY. 1992, March, 3. P. 1.↩

22.A subsequent decree, based on “consultations” with heads of other republics, set a moratorium on elections to the soviets and heads of administrations until the expiration of their terms. Postanovleniye VSRB o moratorii na vybory v vysshyye i mestnyye organy gosudarstvennoy vlasti v RB // VU. 1992, October, 30. P. 1.↩

23.R. Ayupov. M. Rahimov: ya otkazalsya uchastvovat’ v rabote s’ezda // VU. 1992, March, 10. P. 1.↩

24.Personal interview. Ufa. 4 June 1999.↩

25.Ibid.↩

26.Personal interview. Ufa. 4 June 1999.↩

27.Personal interview. Maykop. 29 July 1999.↩

28.Ibid.↩

29.Matsuzato found that in Kotovsk city in Tambov oblast’ the city administration’s Department of Control and Audit “going beyond its ordinary competence to audit municipal accounts, tries to regulate economic activity within the city” by auditing the accounts of local companies to reveal their ability to pay municipal taxes. Kimitaka Matsuzato. Local Elites Under Transition: County and City Politics in Russia 1985-1996 // Europe-Asia Studies. 1999, Vol. 51. No. 8.↩

30.Ibid.↩

31.Yaroslav Startsev. Gubernatorial Politics in Sverdlovsk Oblast // Post-Soviet Affairs. 1999, Vol. 15. No. 4. Pp. 336-361, 349.↩

32.Based on conversation with Artur Asaf’ev. Ufa. 3 June 1999.↩

33.Personal interview with Artur Asaf’ev. Ufa. 3 June 1999.↩

34.Personal interview. 17 June 1999.↩

35.Personal interview. 17 June 1999.↩

36.For a discussion, see Robert L Lineberry and Edmund P. Fowler. Reformism and Public Policies in American Cities // The American Political Science Review. 1967, Vol. 61. Pp. 701-716; and Edward C. Banfield and James Q. Wilson. City Politics. New York, 1963.↩

37.Edward C.Banfield. Political Influence. New York, 1961. Pp. 258, 259.↩

38.Peter Bachrach and Morton S. Baratz. Two Faces of Power // The American Political Science Review. 1962, Vol. 56. No. 4. December. Pp. 947-52, 949.↩

39.Banfield. Political Influence. P. 311.↩

40.Ibid.↩

41.Ibid.↩

42.Ibid. P. 315.↩

43.Ibid.↩

44.Data compiled from P. A. Goryunov, N. A. Kulyasova, V. A. Malyshev, S. Yu. Nesterov, V. G. Sitnik, E. V. Shloma, and S. N. Shusharin. Formirovanie organov mestnogo samoupravleniya v Rossiyskoy federatsii: elektoral'naya statistika. Moscow, 1999. P. 58.↩

45.Federal'nyy zakon ob obshchikh printsipakh organizatsii mestnogo samoupravleniya v Rossiyskoy federatsii // Sobranie Zakonodatel'stva Rossiyskoy Federatsii. Moscow, 1995. Art. 16.↩

46.Goryunov et al. Formirovanie organov mestnogo samoupravleniya. P. 171.↩

47.For a more detailed discussion of Adygeya’s local government legislation and practices, see Tomila Lankina. Local Self-Government or Government Gone Local? The Case of Adygeya // Russian Regional Report. New York, 1999.↩

48.For a discussion of the “orthodox” approaches to local government, see Gerry Stoker. Introduction: Normative Theories of Local Government and Democracy // Desmond King and Gerry Stoker (eds.). Rethinking Local Democracy. London, 1996.↩

49.Goryunov et al. Formirovanie organov mestnogo samoupravleniya v Rossiyskoy federatsii. P. 12.↩

50.Alan Norton. What East European Democracies Might Learn from the West // Andrew Coulson (ed.) Local Government in Eastern Europe: Establishing Democracy at the Grassroots. Aldershot, 1995. P. 270.↩

51.Ibid.↩

52.Ibid.↩

53.See, for example, Jeffrey W. Hahn. Conclusions: Common Features of Post-Soviet Local Politics // Theodore H. Friedgut and Jeffrey W. Hahn (eds.). Local Power and Post-Soviet Politics. London, 1994; Jeffrey W. Hahn. The Development of Local Legislatures in Russia: The Case of Yaroslavl // Jeffrey W. Hahn (ed.). Democratisation in Russia: The Development of Legislative Institutions. London, 1996; Jeffrey W. Hahn. How Democratic are Local Russian Deputies? // Carol R. Saivetz and Anthony Jones (eds.). In Search of Pluralism: Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics. Boulder, 1994; Jeffrey W. Hahn. Local Politics and Political Power in Russia: The Case of Yaroslavl // Soviet Economy. 1991, Vol. 7. No. 4. Pp. 322-341; Jeffrey W. Hahn. Reforming Post-Soviet Russia: The Attitudes of Local Politicians // Theodore Friedgut and Jeffrey W. Hahn (eds.). Local Power and Post-Soviet Politics. London, 1994.↩

54.Neil J. Melvin. The Consolidation of a New Regional Elite: The Case of Omsk 1987-1995 // Europe-Asia Studies. 1998, Vol. 50. No. 4. Pp. 619-650.↩

55.Nikolai Petro. The Novgorod Region: A Russian Success Story // Post-Soviet Affairs. 1999, Vol. 15. No. 3. Pp. 235-261. For a critique, see Dmitri A. Zimine and Michael J. Bradshaw. Regional Adaptation to Economic Crisis in Russia: The Case of Novgorod Oblast // Post-Soviet Geography and Economics. 1999, Vol. 40. No. 5. Pp. 335-353.↩

56.See Marie Mendras. How Regional Elites Preserve Their Power // Post-Soviet Affairs. 1999, Vol. 15. No. 4. Pp. 295-311; and Jean-Charles Lallemand. Politics for the Few: Elites in Bryansk and Smolensk // Post-Soviet Affairs. 1999, Vol. 15. No. 4. Pp. 312-335.↩

57.Vladimir Gel'man and Grigorii V. Golosov. Regional Party System Formation in Russia: The Deviant Case of Sverdlovsk Oblast // The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics. 1998, Vol. 14. May/June and Grigorii V. Golosov. From Adygeya to Yaroslavl: Factors of Party Development in the Regions of Russia, 1995-1998 // Europe-Asia Studies. 1999, Vol. 51. No. 8. Pp. 1333-1365.↩

Примечания

[1]Jeffrey W. Hahn. Soviet Grassroots: Citizen Participation in Local Soviet Government. London, 1988. P. 83.

[2]Although in the 1920s national rayons and national village soviets were created on an experimental basis for diaspora groups. These formations, which numbered over 5,000 in the mid 1930s, were abolished in the late 1930s. Paul Kolstoe. Russians in the Former Soviet Republics. London, 1995. P. 80.

[3]Hahn. Soviet Grassroots. P. 12.

[4]Leon Trotsky. 1905. Bungay, 1971. P. 122.

[5]Ibid. P. 264.

[6]Ibid. P. 267.

[7]Theodore H. Friedgut. Community Structure, Political Participation, Soviet Local Government: The Case of Kutaisi // Henry W. Morton and Rudolf L. Tokes (eds.). Soviet Politics and Society in the 1970s. New York, 1974. P. 263.

[8]Alexis de Tocqueville. Townships, Municipal Administration, State Government // J. P. Mayer (ed.) Democracy in America. London, 1994. P. 87.

[9]Stephen Whitefield. Industrial Power and the Soviet State. Oxford, 1993. P. 174.

[10]

Ab Imperio

Ab Imperio

Местное самоуправление и режим политического контроля титульных этносов в российских республиках, 1991-1999

Примечания