“Съезды Зарубежной России” 1920-х годов и политика эмигрантского национализма: спасение либералов

Сергей Глебов

3-4/2000

Публикуется на английском.

SUMMARY:

В статье С. Глебова на основе документов Русского национального комитета в Париже анализируются усилия праволиберальных эмигрантских групп по созданию единого антибольшевистского фронта. Автор показывает, что несмотря на преимущественно монархические убеждения большинства эмигрантов и вопреки тенденции к распространению в Европе антилиберальных форм массовой политики, российские либералы сохранили собственное лицо и оставили заметный след в политической жизни эмиграции. Выводы автора основаны на подробном изучении истории подготовки и проведения двух эмигрантских конгрессов 1920-х годов.

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1.Iu. Semenov, “Doklad o zadachakh Russkogo Natsional’nogo Ob’edinenia” // Bakhmeteff Archive at Columbia University (further refered to as BAR), Russian National Committee (RNC) Papers. Box 27. File 1.↩

2.Mark Vishniak provides for a lively description of this venture in: Mark Vishniak. Years of Emigration, 1919-1969. Stanford, CA, 1970. Pp.55-65.↩

3.On the national center during the Civil War see William G. Rosenberg. Liberals in the Russian Revolution. The Constitutional Democratic Party, 1917-1921. Princeton, NJ, 1974.↩

4.Struve wrote: “The line is drawn not only clearly but also strikingly; it has been drawn in hearts and written in blood in history, and this is the line between internationalism and nationalism.” In Petr Struve. O Glavnykh Techeniakh Russkoi Zarubezhnoi Mysli // BAR. RNC papers. Box 4. File “P. B. Struve, related materials”.↩

5.S’ezd russkogo Natsional’nogo ob’edinenia, 5-12 Iiunia 1921 goda, Parizh. (Parizh, 1921) // BAR. Rodichev Family Papers. Box 34. File 1 “Russian National Committee, Group, Union”.↩

6.Petr Struve. O Glavnykh Techeniakh Russkoi Zarubezhnoi Mysli // BAR. RNC papers. Box 4. File “P.B.Struve, related materials”.↩

7.See Protokoly Zagranichnykh Grupp Konstitutsionno-Demokraticheskoi Partii, 1923-1933. Moscow, 1999. Pp. 263-274.↩

8.Ibid.↩

9.Zaiavlenie A.V. Kartasheva // BAR. RNC Papers. File 3.↩

10.Protokoly zasedanii initsiativnoi gruppy po sozyvu zarubezhnago s’ezda // BAR. RNC papers. Box 27. File 1.↩

11.P. B. Struve. Otkrytoe Pis’mo v “Vozrozhdenie” // BAR. RNC Papers. File 2.↩

12.Emigres were divided in their perceptions of the French politicians: on the one hand, French socialists were much friendlier to foreigners and were preferable for “domestic” French purposes. On the other hand, it was exactly these socialists who argued in favour of establishing diplomatic relations with the USSR, which the emigres perceived as treason. Edouard Herriot is a good example of this ambiguity: he enjoyed perfect relations with the local Russian community in Marceille as a mayor but was one of the enemies of the emigration as a prime minister.↩

13.Richard Pipes. Struve: Liberal on the Right, 1905-1944. Cambridge, Mass., 1980. Pp. 378-386↩

14.A. V. Kartashev, Iu. F. Semenov. K voprosu o sozyve obshchego s'ezda russkoi emigratsii v Parizhe // BAR. RNC Papers. Box 27. File “Congress of Russian Emigre Organizations”. Pp. 1-2.↩

15.On the preparations and proceedings of the Congress, see Richard Pipes. Op. cit.↩

16.Pierre Kovalevskii. Dnevniki // BAR. Petr and Evgraf Kovalevskii papers. File “1926”. P. 42.↩

17.Preparation for the Congress: Report of the Berlin Kadet group (author unknown) // BAR. RNC papers. Box 27. File 1.↩

18.Ibid.↩

19.Iu. F. Semenov to A.V.Kartashev // BAR. RNC Papers. Box 27. File “1927”.↩

20.Otkrytoe Pis’mo Al. Teslenko to Petr Struve // Vozrozhdenie. 1925. November 14.↩

21.There is a remarkably telling study of Anton Kartashev’s interest in fascism and his fascination with the military spirit of Gallipoli. See Natalia Samover. Gallipoliiskaia mistika A.V.Kartasheva // Issledovania po istorii russkoi mysli, 1998. Moscow, 1998. Pp. 334-396. Richard Pipes provides for an interesting insight into Petr Struve initial approval of Nazism. Pipes. Op. cit.↩

22.S. F. Grammer. Editorial // Narodni List. 1925, July 5; Proekt obrashchenia s'ezda k russkim v Rossii // BAR. RNC Papers. Box 27. File 1.↩

23.Petr Struve. Doklad na Rossiiskom Zarubezhnom S’ezde // BAR. RNC Papers. Box 4. File “P.B. Struve related materials”.↩

24.Iu. Semenov, “Sushchnost’ i Naznachenie Zarubezhnoi Rossii” (Report to The Congress of Russian Diaspora in 1926), P.6 // BAR. Savchenko Papers. Box 6. File “Congress of Russia Abroad”.↩

25.A. Kartashev, Iu.Semenov. K voprosu o sozyve obshchego s'ezda russkoi emigratsii v Parizhe // BAR. Russian National Committee Papers. Box 27. File 1 “Congress of Russian Emigre Organizations”.↩

26.A.V. Kartashev. Zadachi, Kharakter, i Programma Russkago Natsional’nogog Ob’edinenia. Doklad k s’ezdu Russkago Natsional’nogo Ob’edinenia v Parizhe, 5-12 iunia 1921 goda. Parizh, 1921. P. 12 // BAR. M. M. Fedrov Papers. Box 15. File “Printed Materials: Russian National Committee”.↩

27.A.V.Kartashev, Chairman of the Russian National Committee, to R. Poincare // BAR. Russian National Committee Papers. Box 4. File “1924”.↩

28.Prizyv k Rossii // BAR. Savchenko Papers. Box 6. File “Zarubezhnyi S’ezd”.↩

29.A discussion of this can be found in Robert Johnston. “New Mecca, New Babilon”. Paris and the Russian Exiles, 1920 – 1945. Kingston and Montreal, 1988. Pp.3-9.↩

30.A. Kartashov, Iu. Semenov. K voprosu o sozyve obshchego s'ezda russkoi emigratsii v Parizhe // BAR. Russian National Committee Papers. Box 27. File 1 “Congress of Russian Emigre Organizations”.↩

31.See, for instance N. S. Trubetzkoy’s essay “O Rasizme” in N.S. Trubetzkoy’s Letters and Notes / Prepared by Roman Jakobson, with the assistance of H. Baran, O. Ronen, M. Taylor. The Hague, Paris, 1975.↩

32.Ibid., P. 472.↩

33.Prizyv k Emigratsii // BAR. RNC papers. Box 27. File “Congress of Russian Émigré Organizatios”.↩

34.Ibid.↩

35.Marc Raeff. Russia Abroad. Cultural History Of Russian Emigration, 1919-1939. New York, Oxford, 1990. P. 16.↩

36.Ibid., P. 16.↩

37.Ibid., P. 26.↩

38.Ibid., Pp. 24-26.↩

39.Ibid., P.25.↩

40.Ibid., P. 26.↩

41.For instance, Leonid Luks presented an illuminative analysis of the parallels between the Eurasianists and the Conservative Revolutionaries in Germany: Leonid Luks. Die Ideologie der Eurasier im Zeitgeschichtlichen Zusammenhang // Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas. 1986, Bd. 34.↩

42.On the Changing Lanmarks (Smenovekhovstvo) ideology, see Hilda Hardemann. Coming to Terms with the Soviet Regime. The “Changing Landmarks” Movement among Russian Emigres in the Early 1920s. Illinois, 1994.↩

43.Formula A. F. Trepova // BAR. RNC Papers. Box 27. File 1.↩

44.Protokols of the meetings of the organizational committee from July 7 and July 1, 1925 // BAR. RNC Papers. Box 27. File 1.↩

45.Ibid.↩

46.Priglashenie na S’ezd. Proekt P.B. Struve // BAR. RNC papers. Box 27. File 1 “Congress of Russian Emigre Organizations”.↩

47.Memorandum M. M. Fedorova // BAR. RNC Papers. Box 27. File 2 “Congress of Russian Émigré Organizations”.↩

48.See manuscript “The Resurrection of Russia and the Prospects for a Monarchist Restoration, by Professor Charles Sarolea, with an interview of the Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich” // BAR. RNC papers. Box 24. File “The Resurrection of Russia and the Prospects for a Monarchist Restoration”.↩

49.Pierre Kovalevskii. “Dnevniki”. P. 40 // BAR. Petr and Evgraf Kovalevskii Papers. Box 2. File “1926 god”.↩

50.Ibid.↩

51.Iu. Semenov. “Okrainnyi Vopros”. The draft of the report can be found in: BAR. RNC Papers. Box 24. File “Iu. Semenov, Okrainnyi Vopros”.↩

52.On the Civil War and state building in the borderlands see Ia.A. Butakov. Beloe Dvizhenie na Iuge Rossii: Kontseptsia i praktika gosudarstvennogo stroitel’stva (konets 1917 – nachalo 1920 g.). Moscow, 2000.↩

53.S. S. Ol’denburg. O Prirode Sovetskoi Vlasti // BAR. Sacvhenko Papers. Box 6. File “Zarubezhnyi S’ezd”.↩

54.Programma s‘ezda // BAR. RNC Papers. Box 27. File 3.↩

55.Ob otnoshenii Budushchei Rossii i eia pravitel’stva k litsam, sluzhivshim v Krasnoi Armii // BAR. Savchenko Papers. Box 6. File “Zarubezhnyi S’ezd”.↩

Примечания

[1]Iu. Semenov, “Doklad o zadachakh Russkogo Natsional’nogo Ob’edinenia” // Bakhmeteff Archive at Columbia University (further refered to as BAR), Russian National Committee (RNC) Papers. Box 27. File 1.

[2]Mark Vishniak provides for a lively description of this venture in: Mark Vishniak. Years of Emigration, 1919-1969. Stanford, CA, 1970. Pp.55-65.

[3]On the national center during the Civil War see William G. Rosenberg. Liberals in the Russian Revolution. The Constitutional Democratic Party, 1917-1921. Princeton, NJ, 1974.

[4]Struve wrote: “The line is drawn not only clearly but also strikingly; it has been drawn in hearts and written in blood in history, and this is the line between internationalism and nationalism.” In Petr Struve. O Glavnykh Techeniakh Russkoi Zarubezhnoi Mysli // BAR. RNC papers. Box 4. File “P. B. Struve, related materials”.

[5]S’ezd russkogo Natsional’nogo ob’edinenia, 5-12 Iiunia 1921 goda, Parizh. (Parizh, 1921) // BAR. Rodichev Family Papers. Box 34. File 1 “Russian National Committee, Group, Union”.

[6]Petr Struve. O Glavnykh Techeniakh Russkoi Zarubezhnoi Mysli // BAR. RNC papers. Box 4. File “P.B.Struve, related materials”.

[7]See Protokoly Zagranichnykh Grupp Konstitutsionno-Demokraticheskoi Partii, 1923-1933. Moscow, 1999. Pp. 263-274.

[8]Ibid.

Ab Imperio

Ab Imperio

“Съезды Зарубежной России” 1920-х годов и политика эмигрантского национализма: спасение либералов

Примечания