2/2003 Beyond the Borders: Political and Economic Migrations, Internal and External Exile

Черкасский “сюргюн”

Дейвид Катель

2/2003

Публикуется на английском.

SUMMARY:

Дэйвид Катель прослеживает историю вынужденной миграции кавказских народов из Российской в Оттоманскую империю. Эта миграция (известная как Кавказский Сюргюн) явилась результатом постепенной экспансии России в Северном Причерноморье в XVIII – XIX вв. В отличие от предыдущих мигрантов – крымских татар – кавказские переселенцы испытывали значительные трудности в адаптации, так как не принадлежали к тюркской группе народов.
Автор исследует попытки оттоманских властей использовать миграцию в целях пропаганды и саморепрезентации как защитника мусульманства, а также подробно описывает возникновение, организацию и деятельность институтов, созданных оттоманскими властями для приема, организации и расселения новоприбывших. Особое внимание уделяется вопросу о численности беженцев и кризису 1863-64 гг., когда резко возросшее количество переселенцев привело к распространению болезней и социальной напряженности.
Кроме того, предметом внимания автора стало географическое расселение беженцев. Если первая волна лояльных империи переселенцев расселялась вдоль ее внешних границ (в славянской европейской части, где это переселение вызвало межконфессиональные конфликты и международный скандал), то в 1860-1866 гг. кавказские переселенцы расселялись в анатолийском “ядре” империи, послужив одним из источников формирования будущей турецкой нации. Но в современной турецкой истории память об этих кавказских корнях не присутствует.

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1.1878 is significant in the present study as it marks not only the end of the war with Russia and the additional loss of territory in Europe but also the effective start of the autocratic rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. While Abdul Hamid’s policies have been studied in considerable detail, particularly with respect to his aims at reformulating the Empire, this study is an effort to examine bureaucratic and social events already in motion in the 1860s and 1870s, which served to set the stage for those policies.↩

2.See Kemal Karpat. Ottoman Population 1830-1914: Demographics and Social Characteristic. Madison, 1985. P. 76.↩

3.Başbakanlık Arşıvi (BA) BEO NGG 758, 761. Further referred to as NNN/YY/XX, where NNN is either 758 (incoming traffic) or 761 (outgoing traffic), YY – two last digits of the Hicra year (e.g., the year 1278 is referred to as 78), and XX is the entry number.↩

4.Prior to its creation, the work of resettling emigrants had been charged to the Ticaret Nezareti of Ministry of Commerce. After 1865, the Commission was briefly folded into the Meclis-i Vala (Council of Ministers) and then, with the next wave of 1867, primarily Chechens, was brought under the Şura-yi Devleti (Council of State) see Abdullah Saydam. Kirim ve Kafkas Göçleri. Ankara, 1997. P. 118. References to documents of Meclis-I Vala at BA are given as MV followed by the catalog number. References to documents of Meclis-I Mahsus at BA (Special Council) are given as MM followed by the catalog number.

Примечания

[1]1878 is significant in the present study as it marks not only the end of the war with Russia and the additional loss of territory in Europe but also the effective start of the autocratic rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. While Abdul Hamid’s policies have been studied in considerable detail, particularly with respect to his aims at reformulating the Empire, this study is an effort to examine bureaucratic and social events already in motion in the 1860s and 1870s, which served to set the stage for those policies.

[2]See Kemal Karpat. Ottoman Population 1830-1914: Demographics and Social Characteristic. Madison, 1985. P. 76.

[3]Başbakanlık Arşıvi (BA) BEO NGG 758, 761. Further referred to as NNN/YY/XX, where NNN is either 758 (incoming traffic) or 761 (outgoing traffic), YY – two last digits of the Hicra year (e.g., the year 1278 is referred to as 78), and XX is the entry number.

[4]Prior to its creation, the work of resettling emigrants had been charged to the Ticaret Nezareti of Ministry of Commerce. After 1865, the Commission was briefly folded into the Meclis-i Vala (Council of Ministers) and then, with the next wave of 1867, primarily Chechens, was brought under the Şura-yi Devleti (Council of State) see Abdullah Saydam. Kirim ve Kafkas Göçleri. Ankara, 1997. P. 118. References to documents of Meclis-I Vala at BA are given as MV followed by the catalog number. References to documents of Meclis-I Mahsus at BA (Special Council) are given as MM followed by the catalog number.

[5]Documents of the Internal Ministry at BA further referred to as D followed by catalog number.

[6]The Selcuk ‘Izz ad-Din led a group to the Dobruja region that later came to be known as Gagauz, derived from his name Kay Kaus. See Claude Cahen. Pre-Ottoman Turkey. New York, 1968. P.279

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