Приемлемое прошлое: память и высвобождение России от коммунизма | Ab Imperio

Приемлемое прошлое: память и высвобождение России от коммунизма | Ab Imperio

Примечания

[1]Sigmund Freud. Civilization and its Discontents. New York, 1961.

[2]Gorbachev speech at a conference of the Khabarovsk regional party organization (July 31, 1986) // Pravda. August 2, 1986.

[3]Ellen Mickiewicz. Split Signals: Television and Politics in the Soviet Union. New York, 1988. P. 60-68.

[4]Jerry Hough. Democratization and Revolution in the USSR, 1985-1991. Washington, DC: 1997. P. 443.

[5]Michael McFaul. Russia’s Unfinished Revolution: Political Change from Gorbachev to Putin. Ithaca and London, 2001. P. 109.

[6]Ibid., P. 109, note 141. Gibson’s article is James L. Gibson. Mass Opposition to the Soviet Putsch of August 1991: Collective Action, Rational Choice, and Democratic Values in the Former Soviet Union // American Political Science Review. 1997. Vol. 91. No. 3. P. 671-684.

[7]Gibson. Mass Opposition to the Soviet Putsch of August 1991 … . P. 675.

[8]Ibid., P. 672.

[9]Mark R. Beissinger. Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State. Cambridge and New York, 2002. P. 427.

[10]Gibson makes a similar point, P. 675, note 8.

[11]For a recent Russian scholar’s confirmation of this view see V. V. Sogrin. Politicheskaia istoriia sovremennoi Rossii, 1985-2001: ot Gorbacheva do Putina. Moskva, 2001. P.89-90: “Among their main errors in the first instance was the inability of the GKChP to realistically evaluate the potential reaction to its activity on the part of the Russian population, which did not support them, and a majority of whom demonstrated support for Yeltsin.”

[12]RFE/RL Daily Report No. 163. August 28, 1991.

[13]The following account is drawn from “Express Chronika” and from Interior Ministry Press Center reports.

[14]Interior Ministry Press Center Reports.

[15]RFE/RL Daily Report No. 164. August 29, 1991; No. 166, September 2, 1991.

[16]Shaimiev met with putsch leader G. Yanaev on August 18, and returned to Kazan as a supporter of the GKChP. One member of his inner circle in a personal communication has suggested that Shaimiev’s support for the coup was secured by a promise to elevate Tatarstan to the status of a 16th Union Republic.

[17]RFE/RL Daily Report. No. 165. Aug. 30, 1991.

[18]Michael D. Kennedy. Cultural Formations of Post-Communism: Emancipation, Transition, Nation, and War. Minneapolis and London, 2002; Padraic Kenney. A Carnival of Revolution: Central Europe 1989. Princeton and Oxford, 2002.

[19]Mark H. Teeter. An American's Diary // Woodrow Wilson Center Report. 1991. Vol. 3. No. 3. P. 3.

[20]Interview in “Literaturnaia gazeta” No. 28, 1991. reported in REF/RL Daily Report No. 168. September 4, 1991.

[21]Teeter. An American's Story … . P. 3. Beissinger’s analysis of the coup’s success depending on avoiding significant numbers of casualties corroborates the importance of symbolic opposition. Making it clear that a GKChP victory was not possible without bloodshed was probably enough to cause their defeat.

[22]Kathleen E. Smith. Mythmaking in the New Russia: Politics and Memory During the Yeltsin Era. Ithaca and London, 2002. P. 49, 53.

[23]Kathleen Smith. Remembering Stalin’s Victims: Popular Memory and the End of the USSR. Ithaca and London, 1996. Chapter 8.

[24]Notable exceptions were Jerry Hough and Archie Brown, both of whom forecast the rise of Gorbachev and subsequent significant reforms. The "mainstream" was reflected by Severyn Bialer's conclusion to the 1983 CSIS collective volume “After Brezhnev,” where he discounted the likelihood of any significant change in the foreseeable future.

[25]Voprosy istorii. 1988. Nos. 3, 6.

[26]The monographs in series “First Monograph” are particularly valuable. For examples see Edvard Vishnevskii. Liberal’naia oppozitsiia v Rossii nakanune pervoi mirovoi voiny. Moskva, 1993; E. Iu. Zubkova. Obshchestvo i reformy, 1945-1964. Moskva, 1993; O. V. Khlevniuk. Stalin i Ordzhonikidze: Konflikty v Politbiuro v 30-e gody. Moskva, 1993; V. P. Buldakov, V. A. Mau, and A. S. Tsipko. Rossiiskaia imperiia, SSSR, Rossiiskaia Federatsiia: Istoriia odnoi strany? Moskva, 1993. The journal “Istoriia KPSS” did publish an impressive amount of archival material, but it was not accompanied by much analysis.

[27]Rubie S. Watson. “Memory, History, and Opposition under State Socialism: An Introduction // Idem (Ed.). Memory, History, and Opposition under State Socialism. Santa Fe, NM.,1994. P. 1-20, here P. 6.

[28]I discuss the intentionally arbitrary aspects of the Putin regime in Harley Balzer. Managed Pluralism: Vladimir Putin's Emerging Regime // Post-Soviet Affairs. 2003. Vol. 19. No. 3. P. 189-227.

[29]Among the scholars who have documented the need for public discussion of complex projects, two of the best are Loren R. Graham. What Have We Learned About Science and Technology from the Russian Experience? Stanford, CA, 1998 and James C. Scott. Seeing Like A State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven and London, 1998.

[30]Kathleen Smith noted that “In the aftermath of August 1991 those loyal to the old regime could be observed seeking to salvage their dreams by rejecting some aspects of the past and embracing others.” Smith. Mythmaking … . P. 3. At least this involved choices–a selective approach endeavoring to retain that which was positive while rejecting the elements that deserved to be condemned (or that were politically inconvenient). One might dispute the basis for the choices or the validity of specific decisions, but at least there were choices. Embracing everything creates a moral vacuum.

[31]Criticism of anti-Semitism would seem to confirm the arguments about its lack of official support and relative decline in the 1990s put forward by James Gibson and Marc Howard. “Russian Anti-Semitism and the Scapegoating of Jews: The Dog that Didn’t Bark?” . Failure to publicly condemn violence against immigrants provides additional evidence for the arguments in: Harley Balzer. Demography and Democracy in Russia: Human Capital Challenges to Democratic Consolidation // Demokratizatsiya. 2003. Vol. 11. No. 1. Pp. 95-109.

[32]Smith. Mythmaking … . P. 8.

[33]Janet Vaillant. Revised... Again: The Politics of History // Perspective. 2004. Vol. XIV. No. 4.