Элиты, реформы и органы власти в советской Киргизии и Монголии в 1920-х – 1940-х гг.: сравнительный исторический анализ

Ирина Морозова

2/2007

Материал публикуется на английском (на английской части сайта)

SUMMARY:

В статье в сравнительной перспективе рассматривается трансформация политических элит и институтов управления в Киргизстане и Монголии на региональном и местном уровнях в 1920-1940-х гг. Автор исследует трансформацию кочевых обществ и специфику их адаптации к социалистической модели общества и государства в длительной временной перспективе, при этом в фокусе статьи оказываются социальные системы в периоды кризисов.

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1.M. Voslenskii. Nomenklatura: gospodstvuiushchii klass Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moscow, 1991.↩

2.Some scholars have argued that the supra-legality of Russian communism was the continuation of the Russian autocracy that in its turn had resulted from the Muscovite princes’ and Golden Horde rule. Following this logic, the USSR represented a variation of the Eurasian autocratic empire. However hypothetical or controversial this approach might seem, it nevertheless suggests a methodological reorientation from the analysis of the USSR as a state, or a classical empire, or even as a political system, to an analysis of the Soviet supra-legal organizations, and primarily to the CPSU, its structure, evolution, identity and policy. For a more traditional argument on this “continuity” see Jacob Seiden. The Mongol Impact on Russia from the 13th Century to the Present: Mongol Contributions to the Political Institutions of Muscovy, Imperial Russia, and the Soviet State. Vols. I-III. Washington, DC, 1971. P. 1005; A recent attempt to create a model based on this argument see A. I. Fursov, Y. S. Pivovarov. Russkaia sistema // Politicheskaia nauka. Teoriia i metodologiia. Moscow, 1997. Pp. 186-189.↩

3.For more details see: Irina Morozova. The MPRP: Reconstruction of History // Tsyrendorzhyiev Readings. Kiev, 2006. Pp. 203-219.↩

4.See: Gregory J. Massell. The Surrogate Proletariat. Muslim Women and Revolutionary Strategies in Soviet Central Asia, 1919-1929. Princeton, NJ, 1974. Pp. xx, xxii-xxiii; Sergei P. Poliakov. Everyday Islam. Religion and Tradition in Rural Central Asia. New York, London, 1992. Pp. 16-17; O. Roy. The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations. London, New York, 2000; Paul Georg Geiss. Pre-Tsarist and Tsarist Central Asia: Communal Commitment and Political Order in Change. London, New York, 2003. Pp. 58-60, 97-113.↩

5.“Sovershenno sekretno”: Lubyanka – Stalinu o polozhenii v strane (1922-1934).Moscow, 2001,2002, 2003.↩

6.Adeeb Khalid. Between Empire and Revolution. New Work on Soviet Central Asia // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2006. Vol. 7. No. 4. Pp. 865-884.↩

7.Helene Carrere d'Encausse. Islam and the Russian Empire. Reform and Revolution in Central Asia. London, 1988; Alexandre Bennigsen & S. Enders. Wimbushet. Muslim National Communism in the Soviet Union. Chicago & London, 1979; Alexandre Bennigsen & S. Enders Wimbushet. Muslims of the Soviet Empire. A Guide. London, 1985; Ingerborg Baldauf. Schriftreform umd Schreiftwechsel bei den Muslimischen Russland – und Sowiettürken (1850-1937). Budapest, 1993.↩

8.A. Khalid. The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia. Berkeley, 1998; M. Buttino. Politics and Social Conflict during a Famine: Turkestan immediately after the Revolution // Collapsing Empire: Underdevelopment, Ethnic Conflicts and Nationalism in the Soviet Union. Milan, 1993; Adrienne Edgar. Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton, 2004; Arne Haugen. The Establishment of National republics in Soviet Central Asia. Basingstoke, UK, 2003; Douglas T. Northrop. Veiled Empire: Gender and Power in Stalinist Central Asia. Ithaca, NY, 2004.↩

9.Revolutionnye meropriiatiia Narodnogo Pravitel’stva v 1921-1924 gg. Moscow, 1960. Pp. 124-126.↩

10.Revoliutsionnaia molodezh’ Mongolii. Ulaanbaatar, 1925. P. 62.↩

11.Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Sotsial’no-Politicheskoi Istorii (RGASPI). F. 495. Op. 152. D. 21. L. 7.↩

12.“Sovershenno sekretno”., Vol. 1 Part 1. Moscow, 2001. P. 260.↩

13.Ibid. Pp. 270-271.↩

14.Ibid. P. 270.↩

15.Information from the interviews by the author. Mongolia. August 2001.↩

16.“Sovershenno sekretno”. Pp. 316-317.↩

17.Ibid. P. 870.↩

18.Ibid. P. 894.↩

19.T. V. Staniukovich. Poseleniia i zhilishche russkogo, ukrainskogo i belorusskogo naseleniia Sredneaziatskih respublik i Kazakhstana // Etnografiia russkogo naseleniia Sibiri i Srednei Azii. Moscow, 1969. Pp. 221-222.↩

20.Not all Russian peasants in Central Asia were able to build up their fortunes, also because usually not the richest and the most skilled peasants migrated. The Cossacks, nevertheless, practically always had strong households.↩

21.N. N. Kradin. Imperiia Hunnu. Vladivostok, 1996. Pp. 20-25.↩

22.Paul Georg Geiss. Pre-Tsarist and Tsarist Central Asia. Communal Commitment and Political Order in Change. London and New York, 2003. Pp. 187-192.↩

23.“Sovershenno sekretno”. Vol. 2. Moscow, 2001. P. 248.↩

24.Terry Martin. The Affirmative Action Empire. Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939. Ithaca and London, 2001. Pp. 137-138. “Kazakh,” here indicates Kazakh SSR.↩

25.Irina Y. Morozova. The Comintern and Revolution in Mongolia. Cambridge, 2002. Pp. 40-43.↩

26.Ashirbek Muminov. Muslim Law in Central Asia // W. Johnson and I. F. Popova (Eds.). Central Asian Law: An Historical Overview. Lawrence, KS, 2004. P. 62.↩

27.Qur’an 2: 255; 57-2.↩

28.C. Poujol. Islam in Post-Soviet Central Asia: Democracy Versus Justice? // I. Morozova (Ed.). Towards Social Stability and Democratic Governance in Central Eurasia: Challenges to Regional Security. Amsterdam, 2005. P. 52.↩

29.“Sovershenno sekretno”. Vol. 2. Moscow, 2001. Pp. 52-53, 69-70.↩

30.Ibid.↩

31.Ibid.↩

32.Ibid. Pp. 158-159.↩

33.The Russian State Military Archive. F. 7. Op. 2. D. 466. L. 58.↩

34.“Sovershenno sekretno”. P. 133.↩

35.Khalkha – Central Mongolia, the territory historically inhabited by the dominating ethnic group Khalkh.↩

36.RGASPI. F. 495. Op. 152. D. 3. L. 2.↩

37.RGASPI. F. 17. Op. 28. D. 1. L. 156.↩

38.“Sovershenno sekretno”. Vol. 2. P. 16.↩

39.Ibid. P. 201.↩

40.Ibid. Vol. 3. Part 2. Pp. 10-511.↩

41.RGASPI. F. 495. Op. 2. D. 188. L. 50-56, Op. 3. D. 56. L. 44.↩

Примечания

[1]M. Voslenskii. Nomenklatura: gospodstvuiushchii klass Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moscow, 1991.

[2]Some scholars have argued that the supra-legality of Russian communism was the continuation of the Russian autocracy that in its turn had resulted from the Muscovite princes’ and Golden Horde rule. Following this logic, the USSR represented a variation of the Eurasian autocratic empire. However hypothetical or controversial this approach might seem, it nevertheless suggests a methodological reorientation from the analysis of the USSR as a state, or a classical empire, or even as a political system, to an analysis of the Soviet supra-legal organizations, and primarily to the CPSU, its structure, evolution, identity and policy. For a more traditional argument on this “continuity” see Jacob Seiden. The Mongol Impact on Russia from the 13th Century to the Present: Mongol Contributions to the Political Institutions of Muscovy, Imperial Russia, and the Soviet State. Vols. I-III. Washington, DC, 1971. P. 1005; A recent attempt to create a model based on this argument see A. I. Fursov, Y. S. Pivovarov. Russkaia sistema // Politicheskaia nauka. Teoriia i metodologiia. Moscow, 1997. Pp. 186-189.

[3]For more details see: Irina Morozova. The MPRP: Reconstruction of History // Tsyrendorzhyiev Readings. Kiev, 2006. Pp. 203-219.

[4]See: Gregory J. Massell. The Surrogate Proletariat. Muslim Women and Revolutionary Strategies in Soviet Central Asia, 1919-1929. Princeton, NJ, 1974. Pp. xx, xxii-xxiii; Sergei P. Poliakov. Everyday Islam. Religion and Tradition in Rural Central Asia. New York, London, 1992. Pp. 16-17; O. Roy. The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations. London, New York, 2000; Paul Georg Geiss. Pre-Tsarist and Tsarist Central Asia: Communal Commitment and Political Order in Change. London, New York, 2003. Pp. 58-60, 97-113.

[5]“Sovershenno sekretno”: Lubyanka – Stalinu o polozhenii v strane (1922-1934).Moscow, 2001,2002, 2003.

Ab Imperio

Ab Imperio

Элиты, реформы и органы власти в советской Киргизии и Монголии в 1920-х – 1940-х гг.: сравнительный исторический анализ

Примечания